Omnipotent and Symbolic view of management

Perceptions are funny things, every person has a different perception  and the same goes for management. There are two views of management Omnipotent and symbolic. Both are the exact opposite of each other.
Omnipotent view of Management says that managers are directly responsible for the failure or success of an organization.

Symbolic view of management argues that a lot of success or failure of organization is because of external forces which aren’t controlled by managers. Those External factors are competitors, government, industry, customers, etc.

In reality, managers are neither all-powerful nor helpless. But their decisions and actions are constrained by the environment and culture of the organization.