WILLIAM ANGLISS INSTITUTE: Menu Design & Engineering assignments

Menu Design: Create a menu for an ‘a la carte’ food and beverage establishment within the provided
constraints and provide sound justification for the scope, design, structure and presentation

Element one- The Completed Menu

A warm welcome to you all to our [Name of the restaurant]. We are enthusiastic that you have chosen us for your dining experience

My name is [Name] and I work with a skilful team of chefs to offer you a plethora of dishes that would give you a rich dining experience.

Our unique offering presents a menu of authentic international and Italian dishes to cater different palates. I have always been fond of food and I remember helping my grandmother in the kitchen.

I am very passionate about food and enjoy the homemade, pastoral dishes in a home away from home environment. Our menu choices include an A la Carte choice.

Yours Sincerely,

[Your name]

A la Carte Menu

Appetizer

Aperol Spritz                                                                                      $ 12

Negroni                                                                                               $ 11.20

Bellini                                                                                                  $ 13.5

Martini Bianco                                                                                   $ 6                                                                      

Mimosa                                                                                               $ 13   

                                                                        Starters

Chilli Garlic Prawns                                                                          $15

Vegetarian Plank                                                                               $15

Crispy Squid                                                                                      $14

Tomato Bruschetta                                                                            $14

Main Course

Roasted Vegetable Sandwich                                                           $10

Pan fried fish Cakes                                                                          $12

Turbot Cutlet                                                                                    $15

Roasted English Lamb                                                                     $17

Fish and Chips                                                                                  $19

Vegetable Lasagne                                                                            $12

                                                                     Desserts

Brownie with caramel ice-cream                                                    $6  

Carrot Cake                                                                                      $8

Ice-cream (Vanilla and Chocolate)                                                 $4

Element two- Recipe Costing documents for six menu items

Roasted Vegetable Sandwich

Single Item-Ingredient Costing
Roasted Vegetable Sandwich
Ingredient	Purchasing Unit	Cost per Purchasing Unit	Portion Size	Portions per Purchasing Unit	Cost per Portion
Japanese eggplant	1	$1.50	1	1	$1.500
zucchini	lb	$1.16	1	6	$0.193
red pepper	1	$1.59	1	1	$1.590
small red onion	lb	$0.88	1	6	$0.147
portabella mushroom	lb	$7.29	1	6	$1.215
extra-virgin olive oil	oz	$8.98	4	32	$0.281
Salt	pack	$0.20	1	45	$0.004
Pepper	oz	$4.98	1	45	$0.111
Bread	pack	$1.00	8	14	$0.071
red leaf lettuce	flower	$1.78	4	12	$0.148
Herbed Mayonnaise	pack	$6.00	2	20	$0.300

Recipe Costing
Recipe:	Roasted Vegetable Sandwich
Cost per portion	$7.65
Ingredient Name	Ingredient cost
Japanese eggplant	$1.500
zucchini	$0.193
red pepper	$1.590
small red onion	$0.147
portabella mushroom caps	$1.215
extra-virgin olive oil	$1.123
Salt	$0.004
Pepper	$0.111
Bread	$0.571
red leaf lettuce	$0.593
Herbed Mayonnaise	$0.600
Total	$7.647

Vanilla Ice-Cream

Single Item-Ingredient Costing
Vanilla Ice-cream
Ingredient	Purchasing Unit	Cost per Purchasing Unit	Portion Size	Portions per Purchasing Unit	Cost per Portion
White sugar	lbs	$6.36	0.75	20	0.318
whipped cream	cup	$1.50	4.23	14	$0.107
vanilla extract	oz	$20.66	1	20	$1.033
milk	pack	$11.94	16	96	$0.124

Recipe Costing
Recipe:	Vanilla Ice-cream
Cost per portion	$3.71
Ingredient Name	Ingredient cost
White sugar	$0.239
whipped cream	$0.453
vanilla extract	$1.033
milk	$1.990
Total	$3.715

Fish and Chips

Single Item-Ingredient Costing
Fish and Chips
Ingredient	Purchasing Unit	Cost per Purchasing Unit	Portion Size	Portions per Purchasing Unit	Cost per Portion
Potato	kg	$3.24	4.00	6	0.540
All-purpose flour	grams	$4.23	1	2	$2.115
salt	pack	$0.20	1	45	$0.004
pepper	oz	$4.98	1	45	$0.111
baking powder	grams	$3.67	1	5	$0.734
milk	pack	$11.94	8	96	$0.124
egg	single	$6.48	1	12	$0.540
oil	ml	$5.97	0.31	300	$0.020
fillets	single	$9.97	1.5	10	$0.997

Recipe Costing
Recipe:	Fish and Chips
Cost per portion	$8.16
Ingredient Name	Ingredient cost
Potato	$2.160
All-purpose flour	$2.115
salt	$0.004
pepper	$0.111
baking powder	$0.734
milk	$0.995
egg	$0.540
oil	$0.006
fillets	$1.496
Total	$8.161

 

Pan Fried Fish Cake

Single Item-Ingredient Costing
Pan Fried Fish Cakes
Ingredient	Purchasing Unit	Cost per Purchasing Unit	Portion Size	Portions per Purchasing Unit	Cost per Portion
fish fillets	single	9.97	1	10	$0.997
Potato	kg	$3.24	5.00	6	0.540
small red onion	lb	$0.88	3	6	$0.147
egg	single	$6.48	2	12	$0.540
Salt	pack	$0.20	1	45	$0.004
Pepper	oz	$4.98	1	45	$0.111

Recipe Costing
Recipe:	Pan Fried Fish Cake
Cost per portion	$5.33
Ingredient Name	Ingredient cost
fish fillets	$0.997
Potato	$2.700
small red onion	$0.440
egg	$1.080
Salt	$0.004
Pepper	$0.111
Total	$5.332

Brownie with Caramel Ice-cream

Single Item-Ingredient Costing
Brownie with caramel Ice-cream
Ingredient	Purchasing Unit	Cost per Purchasing Unit	Portion Size	Portions per Purchasing Unit	Cost per Portion
Cream	cup	$1.50	4	14	$0.107
milk	pack	$11.94	8	96	$0.124
sugar	lbs	$6.36	0.75	20	0.318
salt	pack	$0.20	1	45	$0.004
vanilla extract	oz	$20.66	1	20	$1.033
caramel sauce	oz	$2.89	0.75	16	$0.181
brownie mix cookies	oz	$3.98	1	4	0.995

Recipe Costing
Recipe:	Brownie with caramel ice-cream
Cost per portion	$3.83
Ingredient Name	Ingredient cost
Cream	$0.429
milk	$0.995
sugar	$0.239
salt	$0.004
vanilla extract	$1.033
caramel sauce	$0.135
brownie mix cookies	$0.995
Total	$3.830

Chilli Garlic Prawn

Single Item-Ingredient Costing
Chilli Garlic Prawn
Ingredient	Purchasing Unit	Cost per Purchasing Unit	Portion Size	Portions per Purchasing Unit	Cost per Portion
Olive oil	oz	$8.98	4	32	$0.281
Prawns	kg	$40.00	6	25	$1.600
Chilli	oz	$1.48	1.00	50	0.030
salt	pack	$0.20	1	45	$0.004
Garlic	kg	$0.63	1	7	$0.090
Peas	kg	$8.50	7.00	30	$0.283

Recipe Costing
Recipe:	Chilli Garlic Prawn
Cost per portion	$12.83
Ingredient Name	Ingredient cost
Olive oil	$1.123
Prawns	$9.600
Chilli	$0.030
salt	$0.004
Garlic	$0.090
Peas	$1.983
Total	$12.830

Element three- The Justification

The menu of any restaurant is a clear depiction of how the restaurant is in real, so that a long lasting impression can be left on the visitors. The menu card should be promising and deliver the same quality and impression as the ambiance and the taste. The menu card must have vibrant colours and different sections so that visitors could easily select their desired dish.

            It is very often said that words can have supremacy whether they are used menu templates, day to day conversations or advertisements. The selected words can have a huge difference between a yes or no. This is evident when relying on printed words to convey a message. So, considering the market of Australia, the menu depicts a good word selection and a nostalgic sense for the overseas consumers residing in Australia. The menu card shows a clear separation of main course, starters and desserts so that consumers can be given convenience and ease to select from. It is very clear from the menu above that the visitors are offered a number of options to choose from. Chicken and vegetable lovers are kept in mind where there are some scrumptious meals have solely been focused on them. For the people who think dessert is a must have after fine dine, the restaurant offers a separate section to choose from.

It is evident to state a restaurant must focus its efforts on its taste, food and ambience.

The menu that has been designed is presentable, reader friendly and gives a clear idea to the first time visitors what the restaurant promises to deliver.

The reason for creating a menu design as before is that it believed that a good menu is a key to success of any restaurant and a vital part of a marketing plan similar to an advertising tool. The menu design that has been proposed will help the restaurant speak for it where the consumers would immediately have a positive perception in mind. Also, it is said that when entering a restaurant, the menu is the first thing that the visitors look at which helps the visitor decide what order. Our design of the menu will help them to determine what to order without much Ado. The menu card that has been designed by us will briefly introduce the restaurant to the readers, a clear and a presentable design that shares the same quality of an effective and a well-design menu card. The restaurant will focus on updating the menu card if there will be any changes in the raw materials cost, eventually changing the prices of the items. The restaurant will make sure that the menu card is changed and updated frequently with respect to adding more sections, logos, a modish background and style which is highly impressive.

            The pricing of the items on the menu card has been done by keeping the current prices of the materials in mind. The prices are exclusive of tax which means that the standard tax rate is applicable on all the items. The price of every item is subjected to changes and hence, the prices would be updated accordingly.  The menu card has been designed in such a way to ensure that the theme of the restaurant is reflected. Our menu is designed in a way that shows only one column. This is the sign of elegance and sophistication that our restaurant holds. The prices of the dishes are reasonable keeping the middle segment of the income portion. The most important part is to review the menu every six months to compare the profitability with that of the industry.  As our consumers would be very savvy and price conscious, our prices are thoroughly matched with that in the market so that our customers do not switch to our rivals. This not only keeps our menu profitable, but also fresh and updated. Our menu design is very short and less descriptive. This means our customers can easily select the item they like and determine if there are any questions that they would like to ask before ordering. We are aware of the fact a huge menu card is time consuming for the consumers, hence, our short menu card is convenient and will help to improve the turnover for the restaurant staff and our customers.

Health issue: Depression compare it in Australia Vs. USA

1.     Introduction

Feeling upset or low sometimes is common for everyone but the problem occurs when such feelings are prolonged for a long while. Depression is a mood disorder which causes upsetting symptoms that affects the way an individual perceives, thinks and manages their day to day activities, such as sleeping, working, eating etc. If such symptoms are present in an individual for at least 2 weeks then they are to be diagnosed with depression. Moreover, Major depression and Persistent depressive disorder, which is also known as dysthymia, are the two most common types of depression. When an individual is showing features of depression most of the day for at least a week are having Major depression. Some people get this depression once in their lifetime and some get several episodes of this form of depression whereas persisted depressive syndrome is is the one which lasts for the minimum of 2 years time (NIMH, 2016).

2.     Discussion

2.1.  Prevalence

At the moment, the most common mental health issue in general population is depression (Sinyor, et al., 2016). It is distinguished by upsetness, loss of happiness, feelings of guilt and having low self-esteem for themselves. Moreover, it disrupts sleeping and eating activities, feeling of fatigue are generated and low self-worth is observed in the individuals suffering from depression. Depression can make an individual to go and kill himself due to the immense feeling of distress (Choo, et al., 2014).  Depression has become so common that WHO (World Health Organisation) estimated that by the year 2020, among all the global illness burdens Depression will be on the second rank and it needs the most attention as compared to the other diseases (Sayers, 2001).

References

NIMH (2016). Depression Basics. [ebook] National Institute of Mental Health. Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/depressionbasics-508-01112017_150043.pdf [Accessed 10 Sep. 2018].

Sinyor, M., Rezmovitz, J. and Zaretsky, A., 2016. Screen all for depression. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online), 352.

Choo, C., Diederich, J., Song, I. and Ho, R., 2014. Cluster analysis reveals risk factors for repeated suicide attempts in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Asian journal of psychiatry, 8, pp.38-42.

Sayers, J., 2001. The world health report 2001-Mental health: new understanding, new hope. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79, pp.1085-1085.

Essay : Colonial history and indigenous health.

Racism and Health Status of Indigenous Australians

According to Kelaher et al. (2014) and Ferdinand et al. (2013), the relationship among the self-reported idea or struggle of racism and low physical and psychological health is well-settled. Racism can affect health in various routes, including less availability of societal resources, such as education, job, accommodation, and healthcare facilities, and can provide unfair exposure to risk elements containing cortisol dysregulation and stress, are impacting the psychological health and physiological health of the individuals in different methods.

Nationally and globally different, longitudinal and cross-sectional, studies have established a prominent link between the experiences of racism and distress in the mental and physical health conditions of the individual. Moreover, experiences in racism also impacted the risk behaviors of the individuals, such as drug misuse (Paradies 2007; Gee et al. 2009; Paradies et al. 2014).

Furthermore, Egger et al. (2014) declared that long-term experiences with racism give a lot of stress to the individual and stress plays a crucial role in inflammation, obesity and chronic diseases. Besides that,  a Health Survey conducted in 2012-13 stated that native Australians with increased levels of stress were 1.3 times more likely to get a Circulatory system disease and 1.8 times more likely to get a kidney disease.

Measuring socioeconomic inequalities in health

Measuring the gap of well-being among different social groups is important because social determinants, the condition in which people are born, grow, live, etc., are said to be the key cause of health biases. It will contribute to providing the necessary information for guidelines, programs, and usual procedures. The most common way of measuring it is

                           i.           Classify the inhabitants of a place by their socioeconomic place.

                         ii.          Divide the inhabitants into categories according to this ranking and

                       iii.          Compare these groups according to the required health indicators.

The most common elements used for ranking the inhabitants of a country by their socioeconomic positions are education, occupation or income level but at times many other factors are also used, such as family structure, accommodation, availability of resources etc. These elements are indicating the social conditions of the populations. Moreover, identical links between socioeconomic positions and health of the individuals are found, regardless of which elements were utilized.  

Life-course perspective

This approach highlights the gathered impact of experiences covering the whole lifespan in recognizing and understanding the nurturing of health and the beginning of sickness. The environmental conditions in which individual lives are having an accumulated impact on increasing or decreasing the chances of diseases, containing heart diseases and stroke. Furthermore, studies were conducted for the type 2 diabetes which showed that unfavorable economic and civil conditions make an individual prone to this disorder.

Moreover, Hertzman outlined three health impacting which are related to the life-course perspective. Among which concealed effects are biological or developmental experiences of early life which influences the well-being of the person later in life. An authentic predictor of events of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, which evolves later in life, is low birth weight. Moreover, deprivation in the nutrition during the period of being young has a prolonging effect on the health.

Closing the gap 

Closing the gap is a strategy proposed by the government which has an objective of reducing the trouble among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people regarding their longevity, child mortality, and their access to initial education, academic achievements and job outcomes. Local Australians who are living in underprivileged communities have to travel long distances for reaching hospitals or medical assistance. Due to that, these people are getting a lower standard of medical facilities and their life expectancy is also short.

The expanding gap in the life expectancy among rural Australians and urban Australians is due to the availability of 24/7 access to health care and increasing medical facilities. It was stated by an article in Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, (2014) development of these facilities in rural areas of Australia will help in closing this gap. Decreased life expectancy and deficient health outcomes in Indigenous Australians are also due to colonization. Moreover, a major part of this gap is due to the discrepancy in the social determinants of the well-being of Australians. These determinants are impacting the health of individuals and are able to influence the interaction of a person with medical facilities and services. For example, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults are having a lesser chance of smoking if they have finished their education and are employed with higher incomes. In addition to that, a greater level of education is also linked with the healthier choices and enhanced literacy of health. 

What is a Stroke?

Stroke is a brain attack and one form of the cerebrovascular disease intimidating individuals in our societies. Cognitive impairment (Jokinen, 2015), Upper-extremity motor deficit (Woytowicz, 2017), speech impairment (yourganov, 2016), neurological deterioration (lattanzi, 2017), apraxia inability to accomplish specific purposive actions, as a result of brain injury. (K Salter, 2016), post-stroke depression (CJ Winstein, 2016) and physical impairments (hirakawa, 2018) are some of the main symptoms for the stroke patients.    

Stroke may be caused either by blocked arteries, which is called ischemic stroke or bursting or leaking of blood vessels, which is called hemorrhagic stroke, and or a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain which is called transient ischemic attack (TIA) that is not causing permanent damages (CJ Winstein, 2016).

According to WHO the definition of stroke in epidemiological research is ‘‘rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (at times, global) disturbances of cerebral function, lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death with no apparent cause other than that of vascular origin’’ (WHO MONICA, 1988).

Influence of SMEs in Economic Development

Most of the recent studies, as well as the policymakers, are trying to determine the effect of SMEs on economic development because it has been noticed that  SME plays a very crucial role in the development of the economy of a country (Kruja, 2013). Along with that, small to medium enterprises are getting the attention of most policymakers, especially in third world countries. Since those countries are being very disappointed with the other strategies and large-scale investments. They have started focusing on small to medium enterprises (Taiwo et al.,2012)

Further Taiwo et al., (2012), stated that the impact of SMEs was felt in these ways:

·       Most usage of domestic raw materials

·       Generating employment opportunities

·       Boosting the rural advancement

·       Advancement in entrepreneurship

·       Using domestic savings

·       Connecting with huge industries and so on.

They further stated that most of the countries are dependent on small to medium enterprises for the growth in their economy. Moreover, SMEs are more productive but they need more support from regulatory bodies for resources required for conducting the business and if SMEs are boosting in a country then the economy of that country is also going to grow (Taiwo et al., 2012).

Growth and globalization

As OECD (2016a) stated, that the economies of many countries are having issues with the low growth in their economy, businesses as well as in investments. Along with that, dissatisfaction is being faced by the citizens of those countries due to their economic conditions. In such circumstances, it is required by businesses to take advantage of the upcoming markets and technological advancements. It could be difficult for established large firms to change their market or their procedures, as well as this, is very risky for them. Hence, only small to medium enterprises can come and start working on this situation.

Small to medium enterprises are major players in the economy and the business environment of a state. They promote industrialization, which makes other entrepreneurs and startups to evolve and join the market. Along with that, it produces innovation and reduces the inequalities in the income. Making them take the initiatives and start working in this rapidly changing environment along with making an informative use of upcoming technologies is very beneficial for growing the economy and also for the globalization of the country. Moreover, the growth of the small to medium enterprises depends on the resources and facilities provided to them (OECD, 2017).

Employment Opportunities are created

They can provide more employment opportunities to the citizens of that country (OECD, 2017). With each upcoming SME new employees are required to work and so they hire new people. They are the major sources of employment in most of the countries. They account for 70 percents of employment on average (Figure 1) (OECD, 2016b). and in developing countries, they provide up to 45 percent of the employment opportunities and has the contribution to GDP of the country up to 33%

Figure 1. The main source of jobs in the business sector is small to medium enterprises.  

Source: OECD (2017)

Innovation

All Small to medium enterprises does not necessarily have to be innovative but most of them usually are innovative and with those innovations come economic growth. Since they are working outside the local established patterns and taking advantage of upcoming technological and economic opportunities. Such opportunities are usually neglected by more larger firms due to the risks involved in it (OECD, 2010a). Moreover, small to medium enterprises account for about 20% of patents, most of them are in the biotechnology field (Eurostat, 2014). They also play a part in value creation by taking innovations being developed elsewhere and making it usable for their business in their context. Along with that, they are contributing towards serving regions, which are not attractive enough for the larger firms (OECD, 2017).

            The innovation of small to medium enterprises is impacted by the knowledge and access of networks or opportunities available to them. Due to globalization integration collaborations have increased in innovation. It has impacted both the inputs which are taken for innovation from abroad, it includes ideas, skills, capital, technologies etc. as well as the outputs which you create through this inputs for foreign and local markets. Moreover, the hurdle which SMEs may face in this is the identification of suitable informative partners and networks at various levels. Along with that, it becomes difficult for small to medium enterprises in connecting with foreign knowledge networks (Figure 2) (OECD, 2013b).

The economy of the Gulf countries, especially Bahrain, needs to be more developed. Since GCI indexes are mostly ranging from 15 to 40 something. GCI is the measure which represents the economic prosperity of the country. It is mostly calculated by World Economic Forum. The GCI rank of UAE is 25, Bahrain is 37, Oman is on 34 but Qatar is on 17^th rank, it is among the leading Gulf countries when it comes to economic prosperity (WEF, 2010).

1.1.1.     Environmental Stability

Impact of individual small to medium enterprises on the environment is very low but when their impact is combined then it can exceed the impact of larger firms. Hence, creating policies and having strict regulations for the SMEs is important, since, they are the one playing a vital role in the stability of the environment (OECD, 2013a).

Most of the SMEs are willing to step into the green transition and work for the betterment of the environment. They are exploiting this opportunity by bringing innovative green products and services for the consumers. For example, around 90 to 70 percent of clean technology businesses are owned by SMEs in UK and Finland, small to medium enterprises represent around 90% and 70% of clean technology business (Carbon Trust, 2013; ETLA, 2015).

References:

Hatten, T.S., 2015. Small business management: Entrepreneurship and beyond. Nelson Education.

Spithoven, A., Vanhaverbeke, W. and Roijakkers, N., 2013. Open innovation practices in SMEs and large enterprises. Small Business Economics, 41(3), pp.537-562.

Olusegun, A.I., 2012. Is small and medium enterprises (SMEs) an entrepreneurship?. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(1), p.487.

Raghu, M. (2017). The differences between SMEs and start-ups. [online] The National. Available at: https://www.thenational.ae/business/the-differences-between-smes-and-start-ups-1.12126 [Accessed 16 Aug. 2018].

Investors in People (2016). 5 key differences between small and large organisations - Investors in People. [online] Investors in People. Available at: https://www.investorsinpeople.com/5-key-differences-between-small-and-large-organisations/ [Accessed 16 Aug. 2018].

Bean, L. (2017). Culture Shock: The Difference Between an SME & a Large Corporate | AllAboutCareers. [online] Allaboutcareers.com. Available at: https://www.allaboutcareers.com/features/article/culture-shock-the-difference-between-an-sme-a-large-corporate [Accessed 18 Aug. 2018].

Pay, A. (2017). How to target a niche market at a small business. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/connect/small-business/sales-and-trade/how-to-target-a-niche-market-at-a-small-business/ [Accessed 17 Aug. 2018].

Arabian Business (2017). SMEs in Gulf forecast to see 156% growth over next 5 years. [online] ArabianBusiness.com. Available at: https://www.arabianbusiness.com/startup/384096-smes-in-gulf-forecast-to-see-156-growth-over-next-5-years [Accessed 16 Aug. 2018].

Kruja, A.D., 2013. The Contribution of SMEs to the Economic Growth (Case of Albania). EuroEconomica, 32(1).

Taiwo, M.A., Ayodeji, A.M. and Yusuf, B.A., 2012. Impact of small and medium enterprises on economic growth and development. American journal of business and management, 1(1), pp.18-22.

OECD (2017). Enhancing the Contributions of SMEs in a Global and Digitalised Economy. [online] OECD. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/mcm/documents/C-MIN-2017-8-EN.pdf [Accessed 18 Aug. 2018].

OECD (2016b), Entrepreneurship at a Glance 2016, OECD Publishing, Paris.

OECD (2010a), SMEs, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, OECD Publishing, Paris.

OECD (2015b), Skills and learning strategies for innovation in SMEs, Working Party on SME and Entrepreneurship, CFE/SME(2014)3/REV1.

Carbon Trust (2013), Low carbon entrepreneurs: The new engines of growth, https://www.carbontrust.com/resources/reports/technology/low-carbon-entrepreneurs/

ETLA (2015), From Cleantech to Cleanweb. The Finnish Cleantech Space in Transition, ETLA Paper No 43, ETLA – The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, https://www.etla.fi/wpcontent/uploads/ETLA-Raportit-Reports-43.pdf.

Difference between SMEs and other Enterprises

It has been forecasted by MENA Research Partners (2017),  that within the next five years Gulf countries are going to see a high growth in SMEs. Their estimation is that small and medium enterprises will grow around 156%, having worth of $920 billion, employing over 22 million people  (Arabian Business, 2017). Hence, it is very crucial to know the difference between SMEs and other enterprises for the academia as well as the industry Small and medium enterprises are mostly differentiated from other enterprises by some quantitative measures, such as number of employees, value of assets, etc. because, it is difficult to bring some qualitative measures for defining and differentiating between SMEs and other enterprises (Hatten, 2015).

SMEs vs Large Organisations

            Hatten (2015) stated that the main and most common difference between large and small-medium enterprises is of the number of employees working there. The employees of SMEs are limited in number but they have formed relationships among themselves and there is a negligible hierarchy in such enterprises, whereas large enterprises have a huge number of employees and they have to follow strict hierarchies of the organization. Furthermore, the employees of SMEs have strict guidelines and more burden of work, since CEO is aware of every activity and he will come directly to you whenever it is required. Often employees of SMEs have to say goodbye to their weekends and work as it is required by the higher authority but in contrast to that, the large organization has a certain diplomacy in their operations. Their CEO has no idea of the activities of individuals and this creates a safe environment for individuals to work in (Bean, 2017).

Another huge difference between smaller firms and the larger firm is of Human resource. Due to the huge human resource, large organizations are able to assess its external environment. Lack of resources bring a lot of hurdles for the SMEs but it also makes them seek innovative solutions for those hurdles and situations (Chesbrough, 2011).

Moreover, large firms and SMEs have very different role profiles for their employees. In large firms, employees are given a job description with a few objectives and your role is defined, employees wouldn't be obliged to do anything which was not in their job description or which was not stated to them during the interviews. They have certain processes which are to be followed but in small-medium firms, the scenario is very different. In SMEs, employees are seeing and doing anything and everything. Employees will work harder and they will learn faster as well. They get to know about the corporate life in depth while working in SME. They are client driven and they are having an on-demand hierarchy, as in the best individual for the job is going to get the job at the moment. In this matter, there are some cons of working in SMEs. Those cons include randomness, insecurity and having a lot of difficulty in performing better but there is one huge pro of working in SMEs and that is that you get to see and understand every aspect of managing a business. Due to that, working in SMEs is very beneficial for the individuals who want to start their own businesses (Bean, 2017).

 Furthermore, another huge difference between large organizations and small-medium enterprises is of the practice of open innovation. Chesbrough (2011), stated that the smaller firms have very limited resources and hence, they are not performing well in innovation but this also makes them seek better solutions. These organizations bring out of the box solutions for their business and problems related to their business. Small-medium enterprises and large enterprises have a difference in the impact of open innovation as well. They can go for innovations, which are associated with the higher risks, because of their small scale of operations. Whereas, larger enterprises do not have that feasibility (Spithoven et al., 2013)

            Pay (2017) stated that Small to medium enterprises are often focusing on a niche market whereas large organizations are mostly trying to offer a number of products and services to a more wider range of consumers. SMEs can sell a single product in a niche market and make their required profit whereas larger enterprises have to sell a lot of commodities and keep on increasing their products and services. Along with that, Investors in People (2016) stated that another huge difference between large enterprises and small to medium enterprises is of salary.

Entrepreneurs vs Small  to Medium Enterprises

Entrepreneurs and small-medium enterprises are two very important tools for transforming the economy of any country. According to Olusegun, (2012) entrepreneurship is the procedure of building small to medium enterprises. They discover then evaluate the available opportunities and then they start their enterprises accordingly. Whereas, SMEs are firms, organizations being administered by the individuals. Another major difference between entrepreneurship and small to medium enterprises is of risks involved in their operations. Entrepreneurs have usually a higher level of risk whereas SMEs are having lower risk involved in their businesses. Furthermore, it was stated in the Forbes article, written by Marks (2012), entrepreneurs think big and hence, they have big returns on their investments whereas SMEs think small and have relatively smaller returns in their business activities.  Along with that, entrepreneurs have an issue with the status quo. They can’t remain content, they are always striving and going for the next big thing. Entrepreneurs are also more technical than the small to medium enterprises.

SMEs vs startup

Small to medium enterprises and startup are two words, often used in the same situations and interchangeably but they have differences among them. While differentiating among SMEs and start-ups Steve Blank, stated that startups are built for having a scalable business model whereas the aim of SME is to gain profit.   Startups are new and have this intention of examining new opportunities, ideas or products. They usually take benefit of the technology. Some startups grow further but some become nonexistent as soon as they started conducting their business operations. Whereas, SMEs have mostly established their operations with existing products and services, mostly for the domestic market only. Furthermore, SMEs and startups have distinctive sources of funding (Raghu, 2017).